Presentation

**Early Years ** Frank Lloyd Wright was born in the farming town of [|Richland Center] , Wisconsin, United States, in 1867, and named Frank Lincoln Wright. His father, William Carey Wright (1825–1904) was a locally admired orator, music teacher, occasional lawyer and itinerant minister. William Wright had met and married Anna Lloyd Jones (1838/39 – 1923), a county school teacher, the previous year when he was employed as the superintendent of schools for [|Richland County] . Originally from [|Massachusetts] , William Wright had been a [|Baptist]  minister but he later joined his wife's family in the [|Unitarian]  faith. Anna was a member of the large, prosperous and well-known Lloyd Jones family of Unitarians, who had emigrated from [|Wales]  to Spring Green, Wisconsin. One of Anna's brothers was [|Jenkin Lloyd Jones], who would become an important figure in the spread of the Unitarian faith in the Western United States. Both of Wright's parents were strong-willed individuals with idiosyncratic interests that they passed on to him. In his biography his mother declared, when she was expecting her first child, that he would grow up to build beautiful buildings. She decorated his nursery with engravings of English cathedrals torn from a periodical to encourage the infant's ambition. The family moved to [|Weymouth] , Massachusetts in 1870 for William to minister a small congregation. In 1876, Anna visited the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Centennial Exhibition] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> in Philadelphia and saw an exhibit of educational blocks created by <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">. The blocks, known as <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Froebel Gifts] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, were the foundation of his innovative <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|kindergarten] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> curriculum. A trained teacher, Anna was excited by the program and bought a set of blocks for her family. Young Wright spent much time playing with the blocks. These were geometrically shaped and could be assembled in various combinations to form three-dimensional compositions. Wright's autobiography talks about the influence of these exercises on his approach to design. Many of his buildings are notable for their geometrical clarity. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">The Wright family struggled financially in Weymouth and returned to <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Spring Green] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, Wisconsin, where the supportive Lloyd Jones clan could help William find employment. They settled in <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Madison] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, where William taught music lessons and served as the secretary to the newly formed Unitarian society. Although William was a distant parent, he shared his love of music, especially the works of <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Johann Sebastian Bach] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, with his children. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Soon after Wright turned 14 his parents separated. Anna had been unhappy for some time with William's inability to provide for his family and asked him to leave. The divorce was finalized in 1885 after William sued Anna for lack of physical affection. William left Wisconsin after the divorce and Wright claimed he never saw his father again. At this time Wright changed his middle name from Lincoln to Lloyd in honor of his mother's family, the Lloyd Joneses. As the only male left in the family, Wright assumed financial responsibility for his mother and two sisters.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 29.3333px;">Frank Lloyd Wright **

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 18.6667px;">Education and work for Silsbee (1885–1888)
<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Wright attended a Madison high school, but there is no evidence he ever graduated. He was admitted to the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|University of Wisconsin–Madison] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> as a special student in 1886. There he joined <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Phi Delta Theta] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|fraternity] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, took classes part-time for two semesters, and worked with a professor of <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|civil engineering] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Allan D. Conover] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">. In 1887, Wright left the school without taking a degree (although he was granted an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts from the University in 1955). <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">In 1887, Wright arrived in <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Chicago] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> in search of employment. As a result of the devastating <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Great Chicago Fire of 1871] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> and recent population boom, new development was plentiful in the city. He later recalled that his first impressions of Chicago were that of grimy neighborhoods, crowded streets and disappointing architecture, yet he was determined to find work. Within days, and after interviews with several prominent firms, he was hired as a <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|draftsman] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> with the architectural firm of <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Joseph Lyman Silsbee] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">. Wright previously collaborated with Silsbee – accredited as the draftsman and the construction supervisor – on the 1886 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Unity Chapel] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> for Wright's family in <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Spring Green] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, Wisconsin. While with the firm, he also worked on two other family projects: the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|All Souls Church] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> in Chicago for uncle, Jenkin Lloyd Jones, and the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Hillside Home School I] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> in Spring Green for two of his aunts. Other draftsmen that also worked for Silsbee in 1887 included future architects, <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Cecil Corwin] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|George W. Maher] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, and <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|George G. Elmslie] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">. Wright soon befriended Corwin, with whom he lived until he found a permanent home. In his autobiography, Wright accounts that he also had a short stint in another Chicago architecture office. Feeling that he was underpaid for the quality of his work for Silsbee (at $8.00 a week), the young draftsman quit and found work as a <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|designer] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> at the firm of Beers, Clay, and Dutton. However, Wright soon realized that he was not ready to handle building design by himself; he left his new job to return to Joseph Silsbee – this time with a raise in salary. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Although Silsbee adhered mainly to <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Victorian] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> and <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|revivalist] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> architecture, Wright found his work to be more "gracefully picturesque" than the other "brutalities" of the period. [|[10]]<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> Still, Wright aspired for more progressive work. After less than a year had passed in Silsbee's office, Wright learned that the Chicago firm of <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Adler] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> & <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Sullivan] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> was "looking for someone to make the finish drawings for the interior of the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Auditorium [Building]] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">." [|[11]]<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> Wright demonstrated that he was a competent impressionist of <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Louis Sullivan] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">'s ornamental designs and two short interviews later, was an official <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|apprentice] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> in the firm.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 18.6667px;">Adler & Sullivan (1888–1893)
<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Wright did not get along well with Sullivan's other draftsmen; he wrote that several violent altercations occurred between them during the first years of his apprenticeship. For that matter, Sullivan showed very little respect for his employees as well. In spite of this "Sullivan took [Wright] under his wing and gave him great design responsibility." As a show of respect, Wright would later refer to Sullivan as //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Lieber Meister //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> (German for "Dear Master"). Wright also formed a bond with office foreman, <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Paul Mueller] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">. Wright would later engage Mueller to build several of his public and commercial buildings between 1903 and 1923. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">On June 1, 1889, Wright married his first wife, <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">[|Catherine Lee "Kitty" Tobin] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> (1871–1959). The two had met around a year earlier during activities at All Souls Church. Sullivan did his part to facilitate the financial success of the young couple by granting Wright a five year employment contract. Wright made one more request: "Mr. Sullivan, if you want me to work for you as long as five years, couldn't you lend me enough money to build a little house?" With Sullivan's $5000 loan, Wright purchased a lot at the corner of Chicago and Forest Avenues in the suburb of <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Oak Park] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">. The existing <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Gothic Revival] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> house was given to his mother, while a compact <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Shingle style] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> house was built alongside for Wright and Catherine. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">According to an 1890 diagram of the firm's new, 17th floor space atop the Auditorium Building, Wright soon earned a private office next to Sullivan's own. However, that office was actually shared with friend and draftsman George Elmslie, who was hired by Sullivan at Wright's request. Wright had risen to head draftsman and handled all residential design work in the office. As a general rule, Adler & Sullivan did not design or build houses, but they obliged when asked by the clients of their important commercial projects. Wright was occupied by the firm's major commissions during office hours, so house designs were relegated to evening and weekend overtime hours at his homestudio. He would later claim total responsibility for the design of these houses, but careful inspection of their architectural style, and accounts from historian Robert Twombly suggest that it was Sullivan that dictated the overall form and motifs of the residential works; Wright's design duties were often reduced to detailing the projects from Sullivan's sketches. During this time, Wright worked on <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Sullivan's bungalow] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> (1890) and the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|James A. Charnley Bungalow] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> (1890) both in <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Ocean Springs] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, Mississippi, the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Berry-MacHarg House] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> (1891) and <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Sullivan's townhouse] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> (1892) both in Chicago, and the most noted 1891 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|James A. Charnley House] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> also in Chicago. Of the five collaborations, only the two commissions for the Charnley family still stand. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Despite Sullivan's loan and overtime salary, Wright was constantly short on funds. Wright admitted that his poor finances were likely due to his expensive tastes in wardrobe and vehicles, and the extra luxuries he designed into his house. To compound the problem, Wright's children – including first born <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Lloyd] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> (b.1890) and <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|John] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> (b.1892) – would share similar tastes for fine goods. To supplement his income and repay his debts, Wright accepted independent commissions for at least nine houses. These "bootlegged" houses, as he later called them, were conservatively designed in variations of the fashionable <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Queen Anne] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> and <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Colonial Revival] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> styles. Nevertheless, unlike the prevailing architecture of the period, each house emphasized simple geometric massing and contained features such as bands of horizontal windows, occasional <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|cantilevers] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, and open floor plans which would become hallmarks of his later work. Eight of these early houses remain today including the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Thomas Gale] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Parker] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Blossom] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, and <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Walter Gale] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> houses. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">As with the residential projects for Adler & Sullivan, Wright designed his bootleg houses on his own time. Sullivan knew nothing of the independent works until 1893, when he recognized that one of the houses was unmistakably a Frank Lloyd Wright design. This particular house, built for <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Allison Harlan] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, was only blocks away from Sullivan's townhouse in the Chicago community of <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Kenwood] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">. Aside from the location, the geometric purity of the composition and balcony <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|tracery] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> in the same style as the Charnley House likely gave away Wright's involvement. Since Wright's five year contract forbade any outside work, the incident led to his departure from Sullivan's firm. A variety of stories recount the break in the relationship between Sullivan and Wright; even Wright later told two different versions of the occurrence. In //An Autobiography//, Wright claimed that he was unaware that his side ventures were a breach of his contract. When Sullivan learned of them, he was angered and offended; he prohibited any further outside commissions and refused to issue Wright the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|deed] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> to his Oak Park house until after he completed his five years. Wright could not bear the new hostility from his master and thought the situation was unjust. He "threw down [his] pencil and walked out of the Adler and Sullivan office never to return." Dankmar Adler, who was more sympathetic to Wright's actions, later sent him the deed. On the other hand, Wright told his <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Taliesin] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> apprentices (as recorded by Edgar Tafel) that Sullivan fired him on the spot upon learning of the Harlan House. Tafel also accounted that Wright had Cecil Corwin sign several of the bootleg jobs, indicating that Wright was aware of their illegal nature. Regardless of the correct series of events, Wright and Sullivan did not meet or speak for twelve years.

** Other Projects: ** <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Wright designed over 400 built structures of which about 300 survive as of 2005. Four have been lost to forces of nature: the waterfront house for W. L. Fuller in <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Pass Christian] <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, Mississippi, <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">destroyed by <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Hurricane Camille] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> in August 1969; the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Louis Sullivan Bungalow] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> of <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Ocean Springs] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, Mississippi, destroyed by <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Hurricane Katrina] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> in 2005; and the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Arinobu Fukuhara House] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> (1918) in <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Hakone, Japan] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, destroyed in the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Great Kantō Earthquake] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> of 1923. The <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Ennis House] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> in California has also been damaged by earthquake and rain-induced ground movement. In January, 2006, the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Wilbur Wynant House] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">in <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Gary] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, Indiana was destroyed by fire. [|[51]] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">In addition, other buildings were intentionally demolished during and after Wright's lifetime, such as: <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Midway Gardens] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> (1913, Chicago, Illinois) and the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Larkin Administration Building] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> (1903, Buffalo, New York) were destroyed in 1929 and 1950 respectively; the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Francis Apartments] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> and <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Francisco Terrace Apartments] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> (both located in Chicago and designed in 1895) were destroyed in 1971 and 1974, respectively; the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Geneva Inn] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">(1911) in <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Lake Geneva] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, Wisconsin was destroyed in 1970; and the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Banff National Park Pavilion] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> (1911) in <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Alberta, Canada] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> was destroyed in 1939. The <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Imperial Hotel] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, in Tokyo (1913) survived the Great Kantō earthquake but was demolished in 1968 due to urban developmental pressures. [|[52]] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">One of his projects, <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Monona Terrace] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, originally designed in 1937 as municipal offices for Madison, Wisconsin, was completed in 1997 on the original site, using a variation of Wright's final design for the exterior with the interior design altered by its new purpose as a convention center. The "as-built" design was carried out by Wright's apprentice <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Tony Puttnam] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">. Monona Terrace was accompanied by controversy throughout the 60 years between the original design and the completion of the structure. [|[53]] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Florida Southern College] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, located in <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Lakeland] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, Florida, constructed 12 (out of 18 planned) Frank Lloyd Wright buildings between 1941 and 1958 as part of the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Child of the Sun] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> project. It is the world's largest single-site collection of Frank Lloyd Wright architecture. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">A lesser known project that never came to fruition was Wright's plan for Emerald Bay, <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Lake Tahoe] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> Few Tahoe locals know of the iconic American architect's plan for their natural treasure. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">The [|Kalita Humphreys Theater] in <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">[|Dallas] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, Texas was Wright's last project before his death.